In a mode of a router or the bridge to establish PPP-soedineniya, and also allowing
- Translation of network addresses). On a router following indicators (from left to right) are located: the indicator pitaniya/sostoyaniya systems indicators of activity LAN-porta the indicator of activity ADSL-soedineniya the indicator of activity PPP-soedineniya Behind on a router are located (from left to right): x WAN port RJ- x LAN-port RJ- button Reset (dump of parameters) a socket of a feed kopka vklyucheniya/otklyucheniya a feed the Device is delivered in a following complete set: a router meter patchkord RJ- x meter patchkorda RJ- splitter a disk with the instruction the adapter of a feed a management on fast installation and adjustment in Russian the Kind from within the Device is executed on the basis of processor TNETD73 of the company (32-bitny'y RISC the processor, with support USB and Ethernet) On a payment Mb FLASH of memory TE28F1 and Mb SDRAM-pamyati W986416EH- also are established. Shortly about technology ADSL ADSL it is deciphered as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (Dissymetric
ADSL provides speed up to Mbit/s for the direct channel (uploading
From the Internet, WAN - LAN) and up to compaq evo n610c notebook Mbit/s - for the return channel (LAN
- WAN) depending on quality of a telephone line and type used
Modulations. Recently ADSL the equipment in our country types popularity
The signal can go on ATM, Ethernet or any other technology
(In our case the signal to DSLAM'u goes on Ethernet). More detailed information on technology ADSL can be found in clause devoted
The given technology . Difference ADSL2/ + from ADSL By development of standards ADSL has been made as much as possible use of experience of introduction
Steals up it is adaptive depending on range of communication and quality of the channel.
All this has led to increase in the maximal speed up to Mbit/s (for
The direct channel), and also to increase in range of communication. In technology are used
Quickly to eliminate malfunctions (adaptibility to a line). In ADSL + the strip of used frequencies that has led is twice increased
The channel). The maximal speed of the return channel with Also has grown up to
Mbit/s. Large-scale introduction of these technologies on the market of Moscow is stirred by greater prevalence of technology ADSL. Shortly about technology ATM ATM is a method of transfer of the information between devices in a network compaq evo n610c notebook small packages of the constant length named by cells. The length of each cell makes bayta ( bytes heading and bytes - data). Use of cells of small length allows to reduce as much as possible delays which usually arise by transfer of greater packages. Use of constant length of cells also allows to receive about constant delays by transfer, and it, in turn, allows to emulate devices with the fixed speed of transfer. Introduction of technology ATM demands enough greater financial expenses which by the current moment cannot be compared to expenses for introduction of the same Ethernet in any way. Technology ATM has support prioritizacii cells, that, providing necessary quality of service QoS - Quality of Service. The various degree of quality of service, and technology QoS is required to different appendices and ATM allows to provide this level. As cells coming from different sources can contain voice, video data - is necessary to provide the control over transfer of all types of the traffic. For the decision of this problem compaq evo n610c notebook the concept of virtual channels is used. The virtual channel - a set of the network resources looking as real connection between users. In heading of cells ATM the virtual channel is designated by a combination of two fields: VPI (the identifier of a virtual way) and VCI (the identifier of the virtual channel). The given parameters are specified in parameters of established connection. Specifications of the device:
Method of the organization of access to Internet Network Address Translation (NAT-tehnologiya) yes
Traffic shaping (restriction of the traffic) yes, restriction of the proceeding traffic by means ATM
Static (tasks of records manually) yes, but only at management through Telnet or the console
On source IP to the address yes, including on podseti
On destination IP to the address yes, including on podseti
The weight 1 g Konfigurirovanie the Configuration of the device is carried out through WEB-interfeys, under the report
Telnet. Screenshots WEB - the interface are resulted. The list of parameters SNMP adjusted ADSL the modem is resulted. The considered router allows to adjust in detail compaq evo n610c notebook enough service NAT (Network Address Translation - transformation of network addresses). Use of two items is possible: SUA Only and Full Feature Item SUA Only (Single User Account) - is applied in case WAN-interfeys has IP-adres. Item Full Feature is used, when WAN-interfeys has some addresses. SUA Only NAT allows to set virtual servers, translation of ports
Thus to use it is impossible Full Feature NAT allow to set expanded rules NAT. In everyone
Rule it is possible to specify type NAT and addresses for pereadresacii. Following types NAT are accessible: Type One to one compares external IP-adres to one
External IP-adresom Type Many to many overload allows to compare to one a little
Loadings between them. Type Many to many no overload works also as well as One
to One, but ranges external and internal IP-adresov are specified,
Thus ranges should compaq evo n610c notebook be equal Type Server works the same as and One to one
But allows to set a range of used ports Sokhranenie/zagruzka of a configuration and an insertion it can be carried out on
To report FTP: for this purpose it is necessary to come on the device on FTP with a login root and the password established on management by a router: the File ras - a file with an insertion, a file rom- - a file
With a configuration. The device also supports management under report Telnet Adjusting the device on Telnet, it is possible to adjust fayrvol, and also to set records of static routing which cannot be set through WEB-interfeys. Adjustment of rules fayrvola is carried out for some reason only through the interface
Telnet, and in adjustments WEB-interfeysa there is only an item which on the adjustments hardly can be compared with full-function fayrvolom. Testing of a wire segment a router Considered by us besides technology ADSL supports also technologies ADSL and ADSL +. Testing of a wire segment was spent in a mode of a router (NAT it is included), thus of any rules of restriction of a passband was not applied. To testing ADSL of compaq evo n610c notebook connection it was applied ADSL the switchboard
Given to us the Russian representation of the company. Adjustments DSLAM'a allow to set time of a delay of data transmission (interleave delay). This time specified in milliseconds, influences the size of the block of data transferred for time. If this time is established, for example, in ms - in the uniform block data come for ms gather. The delay is used for correction of mistakes of transfer with use of algorithm Reed-Solomon (method Rida-Solomona) - this algorithm is more effective at use of greater blocks of data. The increase in time of a delay allows to increase the size of the uniform block of data just for more effective work of algorithm Reed-Solomon. The increase in time of a delay justifies itself at poor quality of a telephone line and its big extent, on a qualitative telephone line of small length it is compaq evo n610c notebook more favourable to minimize delays. Values Interleave delay are established separately for direct and return channels. To see, how this change is reflected in delays of communication enough to take advantage of utility Ping. At installation of delays on direct and return channels in ms, Ping shows time priema-peredachi the order 7~ ms. At increase in values Interleave delay time priema-peredachi increases. As the length of ours ADSL-linii makes the order of two - three meters - we can be limited to zero time of a delay (standard value - ms, on DSLAM'e from ZyXEL by default there is a value - ms). Proceeding from the previous experience of testing various ADSL-oborudovaniya, the maximal speeds of data transmission have been reached at use of zero delays (mode Fast). At testing in mode ADSL, modulation as at its use it is possible to develop the maximal speed in mode ADSL was used G.dmt. In modes ADSL and ADSL + modulation and speed get out (is automatically adaptive), therefore any additional adjustments is not set. Test LAN-WAN - testing was spent
The maximal speeds: ADSL G.dmt: 8. Mbit/s ADSL2: 9. Mbit/s ADSL +: 17. Mbit/s Technology compaq evo n610c notebook ADSL differs from ADSL only type of modulation of a signal,
Case approximately on Mbit/s). In technology ADSL + the range of used frequencies is expanded twice - from
It and increase in productivity almost in times. Speed of return channels practically identical in all cases,
Though at use ADSL + it should reach Mbit/s. Now we shall look, as will lead myself the traffic at use of fineer packages:
At reduction of the size of packages, a difference from use of various technologies (ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL +) smooths out, and the maximal speeds differ not so strongly, as at tests with the maximal size of packages. At reduction of the size of packages speed of transfer considerably decreases. Reduction of speed occurs, as an overhead charge for data transmission increase. For example, if data are transferred by software packages bayta each package for transfer through ATM-soedinenie is broken into cells on bayta ( bytes - data and bytes - heading) - thus, compaq evo n610c notebook the volume of the transferred traffic increases almost in times. With reduction of the size of a package the size of useful data in it while the size of an overhead charge for each package remains constant also decreases. Thus, at the same value of throughput of the channel, value of useful throughput can vary in tens times depending on the size of used packages - most strongly it is shown at use of packages of small length. Significant falling of speed at use polnodupleksnogo a mode, probably, is connected with some aspects of work of report TCP. TCP - the report with the guaranteed delivery - it demands acknowledgement on delivery of each sent package. At the account of small width of the return channel and its full congestion these acknowledgement can be lost, and at loss of acknowledgement the package sends anew – hence, useful compaq evo n610c notebook speed which we just and measure, falls, as the same data are transferred repeatedly. In addition, report TCP at increase of losses reduces speed of data transmission. Thus, falling of speed of the direct channel in a full duplex, probably, is connected with aspects of work of report TCP at small width of the return channel. Testing of opportunities of restriction of the traffic
The considered router supports restriction of the general passband by means of mechanism QoS (Quality of Service - quality of service). Support QoS is necessary For correct work QoS - on all ATM devices (in our case on the router and on DSLAM'e). QoS allows to adjust parameters of departure of data - that is, changing parameters QoS, we change width of the return channel. At use TCP of the traffic at us throughput of the direct channel also varies - we already spoke compaq evo n610c notebook about this feature of report TCP above. At adjustments QoS there are items: UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate),
CBR (Constant Bit Rate) and VBR (Variable Bit Rate), that means accordingly
And transfer with variable speed. UBR does not give guarantees concerning quality of services and a passband and assumes presence of the report of higher level, for example, TCP for correction of mistakes of transfer. TCP allows to adjust speed of transfer depending on quantity of the lost packages (for reduction of losses report TCP lowers speed of transfer, that as though unloading a line, and the less loading of a line - the is less than losses). Item CBR (Constant Bit Rate) means, that to the given connection will be
In floor PCR (Peak Cell Rate - peak speed of transfer) in which it is set
The maximal speed of the traffic. Item VBR compaq evo n610c notebook (Variable Bit Rate) means, that for the given connection
The passband of the channel can vary in due course. At a choice of data
Item values are established: Peak Cell Rate - peak speed,
Sustain Cell Rate - average speed and Maximum Burst Size. With maximal
In item Maximum Burst Size, and with average speed the traffic can be transferred
Beyond all bounds long. Item CBR (Constant Bit Rate) providing a constant first got out
Rate) - peak speed (in case of CBR it is average speed).
Technologies ADSL + as this technology allows to develop maximal
30 1.0 Increase in value PCR conducts to linear increase in speed of the return
Now we shall choose item VBR (Variable Bit Rate) which allows to set
Variable passband. Thus are set PCR (Peak Cell Rate)
And SCR (Sustainable Cell Rate) - values of peak speed and value
Average speed, compaq evo n610c notebook and also MBS (Maximum Burst Size) - that maximal
Quantity of cells which can be sent with peak speed PCR.
In the documentation it is told, that when value MBS is reached, speed is limited to value SCR and does not raise until average value of speed does not become below value SCR. From this follows, that at increase in time of the test value of average speed will aspire to value SCR, and the maximal speed will be always below PCR (that is the behaviour of the traffic varies only). The test: the stream of the traffic with the maximal speed, on a short time interval was started. Speed of the traffic at the initial stage should be equaled to value PCR (Peak Cell Rate), with this speed should be transferred MBS (Maximum Burst Size) cells then speed should be limited to value SCR. For not clear reasons on the modem it is impossible to establish value MBS more
10 cells - on similar modems it is possible to establish greater value
This parameter. Adjustments of a router: Type QoS: VBR PCR: 2 cells/sec SCR: 1 cells/sec MBS: 10 cells Now we shall lead the same test, but compaq evo n610c notebook value MBS we shall reduce in times: on idea the length of an initial site of the schedule where high speed is observed, should decrease in times Length of a site slightly decreases, but as we cannot establish value MBS more than 10 is difficultly to trace on the schedule as 10 cells are transferred in time hardly greater seconds. Now we shall lead the same test, but we shall increase values PCR and SCR
In times - speeds also should increase in times As is visible on the schedule, speed of an index point of the schedule begins on
Speeds 0. Mbit/s (against 0. Mbit/s on the first schedule), and remained
Part of the schedule - hardly more than 0. Mbit/s (against 0. Mbit/s on the first
The schedule) - so it is possible to tell with the big confidence, that the mechanism
The channel. Safety During testing safety the removed management has been included
Through WEB and Telnet, and compaq evo n610c notebook also access on FTP for loading and preservation is opened
Configurations. Results Nessus'a: Nessus finds critical vulnerabilities: Vulnerability SNMP connected with an opportunity of definition logina/parolya
Removed ADSL-soedineniya Vulnerability SNMP connected by that by default SNMP answers
Under the password public for installation of parameters Both of vulnerability are eliminated by adjustment SNMP (change of adjustments on
To default) and adjustment fayrvola. On the device considered in clause for last moment:
Except for support ADSL and ADSL +, the considered device possesses only a base set of opportunities, it is strange, that some opportunities (including fayrvol and) can be adjusted static routing only at connection under report Telnet, WEB-interfeys does not allow to use these opportunities. Due to the low price of the device, it will approach for introduction in budgetary sphere (for example, various educational establishments), and also in the corporate environment where alongside with the modem other means of protection (ZyXEL compaq evo n610c notebook are used recommends to use for protection gateway screens of series ZyXEL ZyWALL UTM). Pluss: Low cost High safety (only if to adjust SNMP) Ample opportunities of adjustment of service NAT Minuses: there Is no opportunity to set various public/private ports at creation
Virtual servers For full adjustment of the device it is necessary to resort as to management
Through WEB-interfeys, and through Telnet In parameters ATM VBR QoS it is impossible to set value of parameter MBS (Maximum Burst Size) more than 10 cells the Equipment is given by the Russian representation
Other discussions in conference:
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Partnering the Enemies Within
Jogging - - Love At Travail
If chad You Were an Promoter... What Would You ionixlaptop Conclude?
Overcoming Obsession
Survey Gone Atom Window
Knife Armstrong an Muse
Presentation Signification
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Methods To Break The Low spirits
The Dazzling You
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Imperfect Rationality
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Whole ionixlaptop ideas also Objectives, Wants further Wishes Journals
Everyone Has Obsolescent Wounded.... Factor 2
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